JKBOSE Class 10th Physics PDF Notes Download

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through a material with a different refractive index. When light passes through a glass slab it is refracted or bent because the light travels at a different speed through the glass than it does through air. This difference in speed causes the light to change direction as it passes through the glass which results in the bending of the light. The amount of bending depends on the thickness of the glass slab and the angle at which the light strikes the surface of the glass.

The heating effect of current refers to the phenomenon where an electric current passing through a conductor generates heat. This occurs due to the resistance of the conductor which causes the electrons to collide with the atoms of the material and transfer their kinetic energy to them thereby increasing the temperature of the conductor. The amount of heat generated is proportional to the square of the current and the resistance of the conductor as described by Joule's law (P = I² × R). This effect is commonly observed in electrical appliances such as toasters, electric heaters and lightbulbs where the current passing through the heating element causes it to heat up and produce heat. It can also occur in electrical wiring and other components leading to potential fire hazards if the current is too high or the wiring is damaged.

Conventional sources of energy refer to traditional forms of energy production such as coal, oil and natural gas. These sources are widely used and have been in use for many years. They are also known as fossil fuels as they are formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.

Non-conventional sources of energy on the other hand refer to alternative forms of energy production such as solar, wind and hydropower. These sources are considered to be renewable as they do not deplete over time. They are also considered to be more environmentally friendly as they do not produce harmful emissions like conventional sources do.

In summary conventional sources of energy are traditional and widely used but have negative environmental impacts while non-conventional sources are alternative and more environmentally friendly but are not as widely used.

Reflection and refraction are two different phenomena that occur when light interacts with a surface or a medium.

Reflection is the bouncing back of light from a surface such as a mirror or a calm body of water. When light strikes a reflective surface it is bounced back in the same direction it came from. The angle of incidenceis the angle at which the light strikes the surface is equal to the angle of reflection is the angle at which the light bounces back.

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through a medium with different refractive indices such as a prism or a glass lens. When light passes through a medium with a different refractive index than the medium it is coming from it bends or refracts. The amount of bending depends on the angle of incidence and the refractive index of the medium.

The power of accommodation refers to the ability of the eye's lens to change its shape in order to focus on objects at different distances. This process is controlled by the ciliary muscle which surrounds the lens and can contract or relax to change the curvature of the lens. As the ciliary muscle relaxes the lens flattens and allowing the eye to focus on distant objects. As the ciliary muscle contracts the lens thickens, allowing the eye to focus on close objects. This process is known as accommodation and is essential for clear vision at all distances.