JKBOSE Class 12th Mathamatics Notes | Study Materials

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May 16, 2023

JKBOSE Class 12th Mathamatics Notes

JKBOSE Class 12th Mathamatics Notes PDF Download. If you are the students of Jammu and Kashmir and are looking for important questions and Notes of Mathamatics Subject then you are at right place. Get JKBOSE important Study Materials Notes of all the subjects for Class 12th in this site but in this article we will provide you Mathamatics Notes for Class 12th. So keep visiting and get the free and best notes.

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JKBOSE Class 12th Mathamatics Study Materials Notes

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Relations and Functions: Relations and functions are fundamental concepts in mathematics that describe the relationship between two sets of elements. A relation is a set of ordered pairs where each pair consists of an input element from one set and an output element from another set. A function on the other hand is a special type of relation where each input element is uniquely associated with exactly one output element.

Types of Relations:

Reflexive Relations: A relation is reflexive if every element in the set is related to itself.

Symmetric Relations: A relation is symmetric if whenever (a b) is in the relation then (b a) is also in the relation.

Transitive Relations: A relation is transitive if whenever (a b) and (b c) are in the relation then (a c) is also in the relation.

Equivalence Relations: Equivalence relations are reflexive symmetric and transitive relations. They classify elements into distinct equivalence classes.

One-to-One Functions (Injective): A function is one-to-one if each element in the domain is associated with a unique element in the codomain. In other words no two different elements in the domain can map to the same element in the codomain.

Onto Functions (Surjective): A function is onto if every element in the codomain has at least one element in the domain that maps to it. In other words the range of the function is equal to the entire codomain.

Composite Functions: A composite function is formed by combining two or more functions. The output of one function becomes the input of the next function forming a chain of mappings.

Inverse of a Function: The inverse of a function reverses the mapping of the original function. If a function f maps an element 'a' to an element 'b' then its inverse function f^{-1} maps 'b' back to 'a'. For an inverse to exist the original function must be both one-to-one and onto.

Binary Operations: Binary operations are operations that involve two elements and produce a result. Common examples include addition subtraction multiplication and division. Binary operations are typically denoted using symbols like + - × ÷ etc.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Inverse trigonometric functions are the inverses of the trigonometric functions (sine cosine tangent cosecant secant and cotangent). They are used to find angles or arc lengths based on the trigonometric ratios. The principal value branches of inverse trigonometric functions are defined to restrict the output to a specific range. The domains and ranges of these functions depend on the specific trigonometric function being inverted.

Elementary Properties of Inverse

Trigonometric Functions: The elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions include the following:

The domain of an inverse trigonometric function is the range of the corresponding trigonometric function.
The range of an inverse trigonometric function is the domain of the corresponding trigonometric function.
The inverse trigonometric functions are continuous and differentiable within their respective domains.
The values of inverse trigonometric functions can be expressed in terms of angles or as ratios involving square roots.
The principal value branches of inverse trigonometric functions are typically defined to ensure a unique and consistent output within a specified range.

Vectors and Scalars: In mathematics vectors and scalars are two fundamental concepts used to describe quantities. A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude or size such as mass temperature or time. Scalars are represented by single numerical values. On the other hand a vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Vectors are represented by arrows where the length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the vector and the direction of the arrow represents the direction of the vector.

Magnitude and Direction of a Vector: The magnitude of a vector refers to its length or size. It is a scalar quantity and is denoted by the absolute value or modulus of the vector. For example if a vector A is represented as "A," its magnitude is denoted as |A|. The direction of a vector refers to the angle it makes with a reference axis or another vector. It is often measured in degrees or radians.

Types of Vectors: There are many types of vectors which are as under:

Equal Vectors: Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and direction regardless of their initial point or position.

Unit Vectors: A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of 1. It is often used to represent direction or indicate orientation.

Zero Vector: The zero vector denoted by 0 has a magnitude of zero. It has no direction and is often used as a reference point.

Parallel Vectors: Two vectors are parallel if they have the same or opposite direction regardless of their magnitudes.

Collinear Vectors: Collinear vectors are vectors that lie on the same straight line regardless of their magnitudes or directions.

Position Vector of a Point: The position vector of a point in space refers to a vector that originates from a fixed reference point (usually the origin) and terminates at the given point. It specifies the position of the point relative to the reference point.

Negative of a Vector: The negative of a vector is a vector that has the same magnitude but the opposite direction. It is obtained by reversing the direction of the original vector. For example if vector A is represented as "A," its negative is denoted as "-A."

Components of a Vector: The components of a vector refer to the projections of the vector onto the coordinate axes. In a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system a vector can be expressed as the sum of its horizontal and vertical components.

Addition of Vectors: Vector addition is the process of combining two or more vectors to obtain a resultant vector. The addition is performed by adding the corresponding components of the vectors. Geometrically it can be represented by the parallelogram rule or the triangle rule.

Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar: Multiplying a vector by a scalar involves scaling the magnitude of the vector while preserving its direction. The scalar multiplication is performed by multiplying each component of the vector by the scalar.

JKBOSE Class 12th Mathamatics FAQs Textual Questions

What is the importance of studying mathematics in Class 12th?

Mathematics in Class 12th serves as a foundation for various higher education and career paths particularly in the fields of science technology engineering and mathematics (STEM). It develops critical thinking problem-solving skills and logical reasoning which are essential for success in various professional domains.

What are the main topics covered in Class 12th mathematics?

Class 12th mathematics typically covers topics such as calculus algebra coordinate geometry linear programming probability and vectors. These topics provide a comprehensive understanding of mathematical concepts and their applications.

What is calculus and why is it important in Class 12th mathematics?

Calculus is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the study of change and motion. It is divided into differential calculus which deals with rates of change and slopes and integral calculus which deals with accumulation and the concept of area. Calculus is important in Class 12th mathematics as it provides a framework for solving problems involving rates of change optimization and finding areas/volumes.

How does linear programming relate to real-life applications?

Linear programming is a mathematical technique used to optimize a system with linear constraints. It is widely applied in various real-life scenarios such as resource allocation production planning transportation logistics and financial portfolio optimization. By formulating problems as linear programming models optimal solutions can be found efficiently.

What is the significance of vectors in Class 12th mathematics?

Vectors are mathematical entities that represent both magnitude and direction. They find applications in diverse fields such as physics engineering computer graphics and navigation. In Class 12 mathematics vectors are studied to understand their properties operations and applications in solving problems related to force velocity displacement and geometric transformations.